CATEGORIES OF DISABILITIES Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

CATEGORIES OF DISABILITIES - Assignment Example s for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the frequency of autism in the United States is 1 out of every 68 children (Bakken, Obiakor, and Rotatori 37). This translates into 1 out of every 42 boys and 1 out of every in 189 girls. According to IDEA, deaf-blindness means simultaneous visual and hearing handicaps, the mix of which results in such serious communication and other academic and growth needs that the affected child cannot fit in special academic programs meant for children with visual or hearing handicaps (Mamlin 35). IDEA defines deafness as a hearing handicap so serious that a child is limited in interpreting linguistic information via hearing, with or without sound intensification, which negatively affects the academic ability of a child (Doyle 107). This is a condition marked by the following attributes: a learning problem that cannot be rationalized by sensory, medical, or intellectual issues; an inability to establish or sustain good interpersonal relationships with teachers and other classmates; a general ubiquitous feeling o depression or melancholy; inappropriate emotions or types of conduct in normal situations; and a habit of developing physical traits or phobias related to personal or academic problems (Colker 47). These attributes are displayed over a long period and to a considerable extent that detrimentally affects the academic performance of a child. This definition includes schizophrenia but is inapplicable to socially maladjusted children, unless it is verified that they are emotionally disturbed. 8.3 million children (14.5 percent) between the ages of four and seventeen have parents who have consulted healthcare providers or academic personnel about their emotional or behavioral challenges (Colker 109). Doctors have prescribed drugs for these problems for around 2.9 million. This disability is defined as a handicap in hearing, whether intermittent or permanent, that has a regressive effect on the educational ability of a child,

Computer Liquid Cooling Systems and CPU FANS Essay

Computer Liquid Cooling Systems and CPU FANS - Essay Example However, for larger equipment and setups the liquid cooling technology is still used owing to the sheer volume of heat that it can handle along with the scientific properties of water as heat conductor. The paper then sheds light on the brief history and usage of this technique. This technique has its roots in 1982, but started gaining popularity in 2000. High performance and high power consuming systems are the ones that are mostly suited for this type of cooling technology as they are the ones that generate voluminous heat. It is a common fallacy to think that only the CPU is cooled by such liquid systems- a wide range of components including the bridges, memory, hard disk drive and others also benefit from these cooling systems. In the final course of this paper, the advantages along with the disadvantages of these systems are considered in the light of the more popular, air cooling systems. This technology offers unique advantages in terms of higher capacity to tolerate heat leve ls, ability to transmit heat from the source to another point over larger distances which makes high performance possible without overheating. The downside, however, is that these systems are costly, primarily due to the cost of installation and technical expertise of professionals that deal with this system. The paper finally concludes with recommendations pertaining to the use of these systems along with their likely application in future. Computer cooling is a process whereby heat that is produced as waste by various components of the computer is removed or ‘cooled down’ in order to maintain the working temperature confines of the computer (Morley & Parker, 2009). This is extremely essential for certain components to function properly that may otherwise become permanently disabled owing to overheating. Components such as these include, but are not limited to, circuits such as hard disks, graphic cards and the CPU (Morley & Parker, 2009). The CPU is often equipped wit h a cooling fan on top to ensure the temperature remains regulated and the components do not become out of order due to overheating. Computer cooling systems are often designed in sync with robust design of computer components such that these components produce as little heat as possible. In such cases, the components are manufactured in a way that they consume as little power as possible, because the greater the power they consume, the higher the heat levels generated. â€Å"Heatsinks† are often used for this purpose such that they do not contain a fan; however, they have a mechanism whereby cooling is done through control of airflow which reduced the heating impact or temperature boost owing to a certain increase in heating of components (Miller, Vandome, & McBrewster, 2009). By systematically controlling the flow of air the establishment of hotspots is averted. Computer fans, which are often used in sync with these heatsinks, provide the invaluable function of reducing the intensity of heat generated by various computer components (Morley & Parker, 2009). Another, unusual and uncommon technique is the use of liquid cooling mechanisms or water cooling to regulate the temperature of the computer in line with the normal operating standards (Zelkowitz, 2009). Water cooling has been traditionally employed in cooling of power plants and industrial machinery (Zelkowitz, 2009). Since water is a good conductor of heat, the heat from

Impact of FDI Flows Outflow on the Indian Economy

Impact of FDI Flows Outflow on the Indian Economy Abstract This paper discusses the trends in Indias outward FDI over the last decade and attempts to identify the factors for the same. The main aim is to help policy makers with insights regarding levers which will help in improving FDI outflows and to stimulate further research in foreign investment from emerging economies. 287 conditions of investment from India by Indian companies in 17 sectors have been taken for the analysis. The paper elaborates on the concept of studying the impact of ownership, location and internalization variables on Indias foreign investment. An analysis of sector wise of entry strategy, reason of entry and geographical analysis has been performed. Overall, it has been found that acquisitions was the major way of entry for Indian firms who are investing abroad and seeking new markets. The paper also describes the policy changes which had impacted FDI flow from India and the relation of outward FDI with macro-economic indicators like Fischer Open Differential and GD P. Objective of the study We would like to study outward FDI flows from the emerging economies, specifically to the Indian context. An analysis of FDI flows from different sectors of the Indian Economy will be done To see what is the intent of investment, the mode of entry, and the macroeconomic factors that affect FDI flow. To find out the impact of the Fischer Open Differential due to the FDI flow. Introduction The first overseas Indian venture was a textile mill set up in Ethiopia in 1959 by the Birla Group of companies, Indias second largest business conglomerate at the time (kudaisya 2003). The following year, the Birla Group set up an engineering unit in Kenya. Sustained growth in Indian overseas investment could be seen starting around the late 1970s when the industrial licensing system became much more stringent as part of the governments move to control big businesses. By 1983, there were 140 foreign investment projects in operation and another 88 in various stages of implementation (lall 1986). The total number of approved projects had reached 229 by 1990 (kumar 2007). Most of the foreign affiliates set up during this period were small- or medium-scale ventures; total approved equity during the period 1975-1990/1991 amounted to only $220 million. The second wave of internationalization of Indian firms began from about 1995 and gathered momentum as foreign exchange restrictions on ca pital transfers for overseas acquisitions liberalized in successive stages from 2000 (nagaraj 2006). There was a surge in outward investment from 2005. The number of approved projects increased from 220 in 1990/1991 to 395 in 1999/2000 and to 1,595 in 2007/2008 (kumar 2008). Total FDI outflow from India increased from about $25 million in the early 1990s to nearly $14 billion in 2007. Indias share in total developing economy FDI outflows remained below 0.5 percent throughout the 1990s, but increased continuously since, reaching nearly 6.0% in 2007 (see table 1 and Figure 1). India remains a net FDI recipient, even though the gap between outflows and inflows has been sharply narrowing over the past few years. In 1990, annual outflows, on average, amounted to 7 percent of inflows. This increased from about 30 percent to 60 percent between 2000-2005 and 2005-2007. The data in table 1 help in understanding Indias relative position in the world as a source country of FDI. In the early 1990s, Indias share in FDI outflows from developing economies was the lowest compared to the four large emerging market economies used as comparators (Brazil, Peoples Republic of china [PRC], Mexico, and South Africa). Over the ensuing years, Indias share has grown faster than those of the comparators. In 2004-2005, it surpassed that of South Africa and in 2006-2007, it surpassed that of Mexico. The share of FDI outflows in gross domestic capital formation (GDCF) in India has likewise increased much faster than the other four economies and the average for all developing economies during the period 1994-2007. Figure 2 compares the outward FDI from the PRC and India in terms of the percentage contribution to total developing economy outward FDI and relative to GDCF in each economy. During 2006-2007, on average, the PRC accounted for 7.3 percent of the total outward FDI from developing countries compared to 3.2 percent for India, although the gap has been narrowing over the years. By contrast, relative to GDCF, outward FDI from India on average is larger compared to that from the PRC. The difference widened sharply following the significant liberalization of the outward FDI regime in India during 2004-2005. During 2005-2006, the contribution of outward FDI to GDCF in India (4.4 percent) was more than twice as large as that of the PRC (1.7 percent). Theories of FDI flows The paper on FDI outflows by John Dunning in which he explains the same through the OLI (Ownership, Location and Internalization) framework. DUNNINGS Concept OWNERSHIP An MNC faces several disadvantages them moment they entrench the domestic firm when it enters a external market different from its country of origin. However, a firm chooses to enter a foreign market if it has advantages which outweigh the disadvantages outlined above. These include access to natural resources, intellectual property, strong domestic / global brand which become a competitive advantage for the companies. LOCATION The location specific concept involves the attractiveness of the foreign market as a destination for entry by a firm. There are 3 ways how a foreign market can differentiate itself- 1. Economic Size of the foreign market, market concentration, growth rate, availability of talent, infrastructure, competitive cost structures etc. 2. Political These include the political risk of the country, the judicial mechanisms and their transparency, ease of doing business, labour laws etc. 3. Social These include similarities of culture, ways of doing business, social structure between the country of origin of the firm and the foreign country etc. INTERNALIZATION A firm has to choose between various entries modes into foreign markets starting from marketing alliances, licensing and greenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ field ventures and to full blown acquisitions. The decisions are made keeping in view the tradeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ off of transaction costs versus internalization costs. In poorly operating markets firms prefer to avoid high costs of external transactions. The intensity of the regulation of the foreign market is another parameter which determines the internalization decision. HYMERS THEORY Hymers theory explains that MNEs are elements of market imperfections. There are two causes for imperfections removal of competition and monopolistic powers. Hymer states that investment made abroad gives them the ability to use its worldwide operations to separate markets and reduce competition. MNEs control assets to minimize risks and increase their monopolistic power by creating entry barriers. Hymers analysis is based on structural imperfections which are caused by large scale economies, having knowledge, wide distribution networks, product diversification and credit advantages ALIBERS MODEL Alibers theory says that MNCs invest in foreign assets as the MNCs have the ability to hold assets in different currencies and thus take advantage of structural and transactional imperfections in foreign exchange markets. He also outlines that the firm will face the same operational problems abroad as in the domestic market and that is not a decision making criterion for firms. VERNERS THEORY Vernons location theory says that a MNEs often acquire low cost resources than that of nations company as the cost to a MNE is just the marginal cost to the system This helps the NEs acquire factor inputs and resources at a cost prevailing in the home country while MNEs acquire them at the best price worldwide having lower labor and input costs. This difference between national cost and marginal cost will be a key driver of FDI worldwide. Literature Review We have come across various articles and research papers related to our topic: The papers explore the uneven beginnings of FDI in India and examine the developments (economic and political) relating to the trends in two sectors: Industry and Infrastructure and sub sector Telecom. The papers laid the relation between institutions in emerging markets and the entry strategies chosen by foreign direct investors. The merits of alternative strategies from investors perspective as well as the impact on the host country were investigated. For this purpose FDI strategies were investigated and were compared with four important emerging markets India, Egypt, South Africa and Vietnam. The papers also enlightened the sector wise FDI inflows in India and the reasons for industrial sectors attracting the highest FDI inflows. The best part of the analysis was in its specific focus on the implications of changes in trade and investment policy regimes and the overall investment climate for internationalization of domestic companies and the nature of their global operations. The findings cast doubt on the popular perception of the recent surge in outward foreign direct investment from India as an unmixed economic blessing, given the remaining distortion in the domestic investment climate. Foreign Direct Investment in India: A Critical Analysis of FDI from 1995-2005 by Kulwindar Singh (Center for Civil Society, New Delhi Research Internship Programme, 2005) Survey of FDI in India by Sumon K. Bhaumik (London Business School, 2003). Foreign Direct Investment Inflows in India- Opportunities and Benefits by Syed Khaja Safiuddin (Assistant Professor, Department of Management and Commerce, 2010) Outward Foreign Direct Investment from India by Prema- Chandra Athukorala (Asian Development Bank, 2009) Scope of the study The scope of the study was restricted to analyzing the dependence of foreign investment on ownership variables only .The scope of the study was further restricted owing to the lack of availability of data on foreign investment by Indian firms. There was, 287 data of foreign investment from India were collected. The data spans across 17 sectors as will be discussed later. The lack of data posed several restrictions on the scope of the study such as: It was not possible to do trend analysis for foreign investment from India The data was available for only 99 records. The size of the investment could be found for 65 records. Indias Outbound Data: Trends and Empirical Data A majority FDI outflows has been for quest for raw materials as India is a raw material scarce country. For instance, Tata Steel was more into securing coal assets in Indonesia with better quality coal which was not available in the country where private players are not allowed and there was too much of regulation. The Pharmaceutical sector has gone on an acquisition spree mainly for IP and access to markets including distribution networks. In recent times Indias FDI have been in acquisitions in the IT and IT services sectors. Indian enterprises have developed expertise and capabilities in IT services which they leverage and enter global markets. This gives them the opportunity to find newer clients at lower costs as a consequence of a booming local stock market and low P/Es in economies abroad. For example HCL Technologies acquired Axon for 440 million pounds. Indias FDI flows in recent times has been to acquire crude oil assets in a bid to secure the energy needs of the country through ONGC Videsh Ltd. Figure I: FDI outflows are expected to double over the next 5 years with a CAGR of 16.7% Source: EIU Country Data    Actual Figures Projected Figures Values Row Labels Sum of Inward FDI Sum of Outward FDI 1996 2125 119 1997 2525 240 1998 3619 113 1999 2633 47 2000 2168 80 2001 3585 509 2002 5472 1397 2003 5627 1669 2004 4323 1879 2005 5771 2179 2006 7606 2978 2007 19622 12842 2008 22950 13649 Grand Total 88026 37701 Indias FDI Inflows and Outflows (US $ Millions) Source: UNCTAD 2008 Figure II: Graph showing the FDI outflow in the next 5 years. Research Methodology A large number of data on the FDI outflows have been gathered (about 300) using press releases from the firms websites and annual reports, news articles and clippings, databases such as Thompson Reuters and Capitaline, industry forums and various other sources. The variables of ownership, location and internalization were further elaborated in detail later. These have been filtered by virtue of their sales, with those having sales greater than 100 crores making it to the final list of firms. This data has been gathered from Center for Monitoring of Indian Economy (CMIE). For this study, number of sectors was limited to 17 as shown in Table I below. Number of instances IT 36 Pharmaceuticals 37 Auto Components 20 Construction 32 Telecom 28 Petroleum Products 7 Oil Gas Mining 24 Steel 20 Dyes 4 Paints 3 Machinery/Capital Goods 14 Non Ferrous Metals 2 Auto 30 Cosmetics, toiletries, etc. 8 Tyres Tubes 6 Diversified 1 Food Products 15 TOTAL 287 Table I: Total foreign investment by each sector We have restricted the research to determining the impact of ownership variables on FDI outflows from India. Two types of research were qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative research includes the trend of FDI flows, which has been shown through different modes of entry and further was analyzed for specific trends within sectors. This shows why different sectors use different routes for entering into foreign markets for example, pharmaceutical companies enter through alliances while manufacturing firms go for acquisitions and IT firms go for both routes depending on the objectives. For quantitative analysis, this is done in the broad section of determining whether there is an outward flow of foreign direct investment from India. Another analysis has been done on the lifecycle of the firm. The mode of entry might also depend on the risk taking ability of the management. The research objectives were translated into the following questions, which were then tested using statistical analysis: Q1: Whether FDI is the preferred mode of entry for foreign investment by Indian companies? Q2: Whether the intent of foreign investment by Indian companies is market seeking, product, brand or resource seeking or technology seeking? Q3: Whether foreign investment by Indian companies is more towards less income countries as well as in certain cases where FDI by Indian companies is attributed towards certain geographical aspect? Q 4: Whether FDI is related to other macroeconomic indicators such as GDP (non agricultural)? Q 1: MODE OF ENTRY In total 287 instances of FDI outflow was classified into the following categories: Greenfield: It refers to the opening up of a new branch, office or setting up of a new wholly owned subsidiary in the target country Alliance: Alliances are arrangements such as Memorandum of Understanding signed with the universities for technological research Joint Venture Expansion: This refers to the instance which is related to the expansion of its existing operations such as opening up of a new office. Acquisition: Acquisition if the Indian company refers to acquiring a majority stake in the equity of the foreign company or acquiring assets of a foreign company or acquired. Minority Stake Here we can see that, the main entry mode for India firms has been acquisitions accounting for 33.80% of the total Indian outward investment from the instances studied. This is closely followed by joint ventures, Greenfield operations and expansion for 19.86%, 17.07% and 16.03% respectively. Table II presents a detailed sectoral picture of the instances based on the way of entry. Figure III: Indias outward direct investment based on mode of entry Table  II:  Sectoral break up of foreign investment depending on the mode of entry Due to limited amount of data, a sector wise analysis to identify trends within each sector in the case of the mode of entry could not be done. However, based on the data available following trends (see Table 3) were discovered: Acquisitions were the most common modes of foreign investment in case of automobile components, pharmaceuticals, capital goods, cosmetics food products and tyres tubes. Greenfield investments are selected mode of investment in case of IT, Petroleum Products and Oil Gas Mining. Joint ventures accounting for around 60.71% of the entire foreign investment of telecom companies Construction companies resorted to expansion of existing foreign operations Sectors most likely show foreign direct investment include auto auto components, fast moving consumer goods, technology based companies such as pharmaceuticals, IT, and capital goods. Table  III:  Sectoral distribution of mode of entry Q 2: INTENT OF INVESTMENT The main reason for investing abroad was identified as follows: Market Seeking: This is driven by gaining access to local or regional market which would help prevent some operational costs eg: distribution cost. Technology or Brand Seeking: Companies also invest in order to gain access to new technology or acquisition of some brands or products. Resource Seeking: This is driven by gaining access to natural resources. In each of the 287 instances of investment was evaluated based on available information. In certain cases, investment was found out to have multiple characteristics or intents. For instance, a foreign investment could be made to both get access to a new market as well as to a new technology. Same weight age was given to each of the elements: therefore, in this case both market seeking and technology seeking will get a score of 0.5. The results, are given below Table  IV:  Foreign investment based on investment Figure 4 below summarizes the intent of entry for the instances studied. It can be seen, the foreign investments made by Indian companies have been mainly market seeking. Over 52% of the total investments made abroad were for market seeking while 32% of the investments are made to seek new technologies, brands or products. Resource seeking investments form only 16% of the total investments made by Indian companies as a whole. Figure IV: Foreign investment based on investment A sector wise analysis of the foreign investment offers more insights as follows (see Table 5): Market seeking foreign investment is the driving force in case of IT, pharmaceuticals, auto components, construction, telecom, and tyres tubes. Technology or brand or new product seeking kind of foreign investment intent is predominant in case of capital goods, auto and toiletries and food products. As expected, oil and gas mining, petroleum products and non ferrous metals exhibit resource seeking as their predominant intent of foreign investment. Table V: Sectoral distribution for investment Q 3: TARGET COUNTRY The target countries of investment were classified based on two parameters: Income Continent INCOME OF COUNTRY Based on income, the target countries were classified into three categories (based on United Nations Human Development Report 2007à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 08): High Income: The high income countries are those with GNI per capita of USD 10,726 or more in 2005. Middle Income: These are countries with GNI per capita of USD 876 to USD 10,275 in 2005 Low Income: These are countries with GNI per capita of USD 875 or less in 2005 Based on the above classification; India is categorized as a low income country. The target country of the 287 conditions of foreign investment was determined. The data is as shown in Table VI. The overall results are also summarized in Figure V. Table VI: Investment based on country Figure V: Foreign Investment based on income Figure V show that most of the foreign investment from India has been to countries with high income. As seen in Table VI, high income countries account for 61.32% of the total foreign investment from India. Table VII helps us analyze the sector wise trends in terms of target country of investment. The following inferences can be drawn based on the data available: The IT, pharmaceuticals, auto auto components, toiletries food products, capital goods and construction sector had most of the foreign investment is made to high income countries include. The sectors where majority of the investment has been made to middle income countries include oil gas mining. Petroleum products have invested mainly in low income countries For metals (ferrous nonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ferrous) sectors, the investment has been equally distributed between high income countries on one side and middle low income countries on the other. Table VII: Table showing foreign investment based on the countrys income TARGET COUNTRY CONTINENT A geographical analysis of the collated data was also done. The target countries were identified into 6 major geographies as follows: North America South America Asia Europe Middle East Africa Table VIII and Figure VI summarize the inferences drawn from this data. In certain instances, the target country could not be singularly identified for instance if a JV is formed among three countries. As a result, the total no of instances is 290 instead of 287 (See Table VII) Table VIII: Foreign investment based on geography Figure VI shows that Europe and Asia together account for about 54.48% of the instances of foreign investment, while North America accounts for another 20.69%. Figure VI: Foreign investment based on geography Table IX shows the sector wise percentage distribution of geography of investment. From the table it is apparent that: Sectors like non ferrous metals, IT, cosmetics toiletries and pharmaceuticals have major investments in North America. South American investments largely have oil gas mining In Asia, paints, metals (steel and nonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ferrous metals), telecom and tyres tubes predominant sectors from India Europe is a preferred destination for companies in sectors such as capital goods, auto and auto components Construction companies target their foreign investment in Middle East. Foreign investment from Indian companies in petroleum products occurs in Africa Table IX: Sectoral distribution of foreign investment depending upon geography Q4: CORRELATION WITH OTHER MACROECONOMIC INDICATORS Indias outward FDI was correlated against Indias non agricultural GDP and portfolio investments out of India to assess the impact of growth in the economy on Indias outward FDI. Indias outward FDI and Non agricultural GDP The results are summarized in the table below. From the correlation results, it can be concluded that Indias outward FDI has a positive relation with the Indias non agricultural GDP. However, the negative coefficient in the equation implies that FDI out of India starts only after a certain threshold of INR 3, 59, 468 crores is crossed. Table X: Indias outward FDI vs. GDP (Non-Agricultural) IMPACT OF POLICY CHANGE Changes in the regulation policies in India have also been a major contributor to the observed increase in investment outflow from India, especially the year 2000 onwards. Some of the key policy changes which have impacted investment outflow from India are: Reserve Bank of India Notification No. FEMA.40/2001 ­RB; 2 March 2001 Overseas investments are allowed to be funded up to 100% by American The three years profitability condition requirement has been removed for Indian companies making overseas investments under the automatic route Overseas investments are opened to registered partnership firms and companies that provide professional services. The minimum net worth of Rs. 150 million for Indian companies engaged in financial sector activities in India has been removed for investment abroad in financial sector Depository Receipt/General Depository Receipt proceeds; up from the previous ceiling of 50%. Reserve Bank of India Notification No. FEMA.49/2002 ­RB; 19 January 2002 Indian companies in Special Economic Zones can freely make overseas investment up to any amount without the restriction of the $100 million ceiling under the automatic route, provided the funding is done out of the Exchange Earners Foreign Currency Account balances Reserve Bank of India Notification No. FEMA.53/2002 ­RB; 1 March 2002 and FEMA.79/2002 ­RB;10 December 2002 The annual limit on overseas investment has been raised to $100 million (up from $50 million) and the limit for direct investments in South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation countries (excluding Pakistan) and Myanmar has been raised to $150 million (up from $75 million); for Rupee investments in Nepal and Bhutan the limit has been raised to Rs. 700 crores (up from Rs. 350 crores) under the automatic route Reserve Bank of India Notification No. FEMA.49/2002 ­RB; 2 March 2001 An Indian party which has exhausted the limit of $100 million in a year may apply to the Reserve Bank of India for a block allocation of foreign exchange subject to such terms and conditions as may be necessary Reserve Bank of India Notification No. 83/RB 2003; 1 March 2003 Indian companies can make overseas investments by market purchases of foreign exchange without prior approval of the Reserve Bank of India up to 100% of their net worth; up from the previous limit of 50% An Indian company with a proven trackà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ record is allowed to invest up to 100% of its net worth within the overall limit of $100 million by way of market purchases for investment in a foreign entity engaged in any bona fide business activity starting fiscal year 2003à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 2004. The provision restricting overseas investments in the same activity as its core activity at home of the Indian company are removed. Listed Indian companies, residents and mutual funds are permitted to invest abroad in companies listed on a recognized stock exchange and in company which has the shareholding of at least 10% in an Indian company listed on a recognized stock exchange in India. Changes brought about in fiscal year 2003 ­2004 Indian firms are allowed to undertake agricultural activities, which was previously restricted, either directly or through an overseas branch Investments in joint venture or whollyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ owned subsidiary abroad by way of share swap are permitted under the automatic route; In January 2004, the Reserve Bank of India further relaxed the monetary ceiling on Indian companies investment abroad. With effect from fiscal year 2003-2004, Indian companies can invest up to 100% of their net worth without any separate monetary ceiling even if the investment exceeds the $100 million ceiling previously imposed. Furthermore, Indian companies can now invest or make acquisitions abroad in areas unrelated to their business at home. In 2005, banks were permitted to lend money to Indian companies for acquisition of equity in overseas joint ventures, wholly owned subsidiaries or in other overseas companies as strategic investment. In 2006, the automatic route of disinvestments was further liberalized. Indian companies are now permitted to disinvest without prior approval of the RBI in select categories. To encourage large and important exporters, proprietary/unregistered partnership firms have been allowed to set up a JV/WOS outside Indian with the prior approval of RBI. In 2007, the ceiling of investment by Indian entities was revised from 100 per cent of the net worth to 200 per cent of the net worth of the investing company under the automatic route of overseas investment. The limit of 200 per cent of the net worth of the Indian party was enhanced to 300 per cent of the net worth in June 2007 under automatic route (200 per cent in case of revisited partnership firms). In September 2007, this was further enhanced to 400 per cent of the net worth of the Indian party. The Liberalized Remittance Scheme (LRS) for Resident individuals was further liberalized by enhancing the existing limit of US$ 100.00 per financial year to US$ 200.00 per financial year (Aprilà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ March) in September 2007. The limit of portfolio investment by listed Indian companies in the equity of listed foreign companies was raised in September 2007 from 35 per cent to 50 per cent of the net worth of the investing company as on the date of its last audited balance sheet. Furthermore, the requirement of reciprocal 10 per cent shareholding in Indian companies has been dispensed with. The aggregate ceiling for overseas investment by mutual funds, registered with SEBI, was enhanced from US$ 4 billion to US$ 5 billion in September 2007. This was further raised to US$ 7 billion in April 2008. The existing facility to allow a limited number of qualified Indian mutual funds to invest cumulatively up to US$ 1 billion in overseas Exchange Traded Funds, as may be permitted by the SEBI would continue. The investments would be subject to the terms and conditions and operational guidelines as issued by SEBI. Registered Trusts and Societies engaged in manufacturing/educational sector have been allowed in June 2008 to make investment in the same sector(s) in a Joint Venture or Wholly Owned Subsidiary outside India, with the prior approval of the Reserve Bank. Registered Trusts and Societies which have set up hospital(s) in India have been allowed in August 2008 to make investment in the same sector(s) in a JV/WOS outside India, with the prior approval of the Reserve Bank. As can been seen from the above chart, the outward FDI in India really picked up after Q1 2006. CONCLUSIONS The major mode of entry for India firms in the last 5 years has been acquisitions which are around 33.80% of the total Indian outward investment from the instances studied; this is closely followed by joint ventures. This shows that Indian firms have the confidence to venture abroad and maintain operational control of the acquired company Most foreign investments made by Indian companies have been market seeking. Over 50% of the total investments made abroad are for market seeking while 33.78% of the investments are into seeking new technologies, brands or products. This is seen mainly towards the service sector showing that the required competencies are being built at home while small forei

HRM Strategies Needed by Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies to Achieve High Performance Work :: Janssen Pharmaceuticals Case Study

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY High Performance Work (HPW) is absolutely essential for the associations to manage the to a great degree aggressive markets. Absence of organisational effectiveness or techniques would absolutely push the association in the negative course. In this paper Leadership and Human Resource Management (HRM) ideas are contemplated for expanding the superior working of the Janssen Pharmaceuticals. The collaboration and HRM procedures utilized by the Janssen are assessed. The assessment is carried out on the premise of proper hypothetical models. The ranges in which the association is solid and powerless are unmistakably distinguished and portrayed as a feature of the examination. Janssen which is fundamentally a Health care supplier has powerful HRM procedures. In the meantime there is so much the association can enhance in the fields like wellbeing, reasonable arrangement. Proposals for expanding the proficiency of the association are unmistakably depicted. Table of Contents Executive Summary................................................................................................... 2 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 4 Analysis...................................................................................................................... 4 About Janssen............................................................................................................ 4 Leadership†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ............................................................................................. 5 Human Resource Management (HRM) .......................................................................6 Conclusion.................................................................................................................. 10 .Recommendations..................................................................................................... 11 References................................................................................................................. 12 INTRODUCTION For Janssen pharmaceuticals, leadership and human resource management are two essential perspectives that need to be analyse. The primary motivation behind taking these two angles it is straightforwardly connected to the High performance work (HPW) of the organization. Separated from all other criteria, leadership is a special quality that straightforwardly connected to the accomplishment of the organization, in light of the fact that it incorporates the social relations between higher powers and their minimum employees. The intermediate managers are paramount on the grounds that his predisposition part of leaders and supporters (Clegg, et.al 2011). The relationship of representatives with the top level administration is not entrenched for Janssen, may be a direct result of the absent of immediate contact with one another. There are different exercises included in the Human resource management. They are enrolling the workers, setting up the choice and remuneration techniques. It additionally incorporates execution administration frameworks, offering the data and including the workers in an extensive manner. All these exercises are done in a thorough way for procuring, creating and retaining the talented workforce. All these practices are by and large considered as high responsibility or high inclusion frameworks. In less difficult terms they are alluded as high performance works (HPWS). This idea is identified with strategic human resource management (SHRM). SHRM positively includes the managerial movements identified with communication and participation, preparing and advancement, recruitment and staffing and execution administration and compensation (Anthony et.

Reflection on mental health nursing Essay

This is a reflective essay based on my attendance at a multidisciplinary team (MDT) meeting whilst on my two-week placement at a local mental health day hospital. The aim of this essay is to discuss the importance of the multidisciplinary team within the mental health environment and discuss factors that can influence the success or failure of multidisciplinary teams. Mental health teams generally comprise of psychiatrists, clinical psychologists, nurses, occupational therapists and social workers, but other therapists such as family therapists, psychotherapists and counsellors might also become involved in the care of the patient (Perkins & Repper 1998). Multidiscipline involvement is important within mental health nursing as people with mental health problems have multiple needs, so a variety of expertise is required to meet the needs of these people (Darby et al 1999). Multidisciplinary mental health teams can been defined as: â€Å"A group of practitioners with different professional training, employed by more than one agency, who meet regularly to coordinate their work providing services to one or more clients in a defined area† (Ovretveit,1993: 9 cited in Onyett 2003) The advantage of a multidisciplinary team approach is that all professionals work together by collecting the facts and by bringing information together, to obtain as complete a view as possible of the problems of each individual patient. In doing this they are able to make sure that the proper range of treatments are used in a properly planned way (Onyett 2003). One of the disadvantages of a multidisciplinary team is that problems can be encountered when different professionals work together, there can be unclear goals, lack of direction and poor leadership (Darby et al 1999). In order to structure this reflection I have chosen Gibbs (1988) as the model to help with my reflective process. This model comprises of a process that helps the individual look at a situation and think about their thoughts and  feelings at the time of the incident. Reflective skills help us to think about what could have been done, so that if a similar situation occurs again the experience gained can be used to deal with the situation in a professional manner (Burns et al 1997). To enable me to use this situation for my reflection the patient will be referred to as â€Å"Kate†. This is in order that her real name is protected and that confidentially maintained in line with the NMC (2002) Code of Professional Conduct. Description Kate is a 66-year-old lady, retired from her job as a nurse 10 years ago. She has lived alone since the death of her husband 7 years ago, and has one very supportive son who lives locally and visits 2-3 times a week. Kate was referred to the hospital by her doctor after presenting with an 18-month history of memory problems and it was decided that she should attend the day hospital for a period of six weeks to be assessed and to be involved in therapeutic activities whilst there. Whilst attending the day hospital she was observed, and found to be repetitive with obvious evidence of fabrication, very disorientated, with poor concentration and very poor short-term memory. The consultant asked the mental health nurses to assess Kate and tests indicated that she may be suffering from a moderate degree of dementia. Dementia is a mental disorder caused by structural changes in the brain and affects around ten per cent of people aged over sixty-five (Newell & Gournay 2000). An MDT meeting was then arranged to discuss the package of care needed for this lady, to enable her to continue living safely in her own home. The Consultant chaired the meeting by bringing the team to the attention of Kate’s medical history and the problems herself and son had been experiencing. He felt she would benefit from medication to help her memory problems. The community psychiatric nurse (CPN) then discussed to the team the concerns of Kates son, he had informed her that Kate is wandering at inappropriate times of day and rarely remembering to eat, she is also regularly forgetting to turn off the taps and gas appliances in the house. He is very concerned for the safety of his mother. The occupational therapist suggested she visit to assess Kate’s safety in her home concerning these issues. The social worker discussed the possibility of home carers but the mental health nurse who knows Kate well, tells of her concerns that Kate is never at home. The social worker suggested a case meeting involving the son who could possibly ensure that his mother takes her medication regularly and to try and ensure that she remains at home until the carers arrive. It was agreed that if this did not work or was unsuitable for Kate or her son, any problems identified could be discussed and resolved at a future MDT meeting. Feelings I felt very comfortable and very accepted within the MDT meeting. The atmosphere was friendly and relaxed and everybody there seemed to have something to contribute. Everyone was encouraged to participate and I felt that I could have contributed to the discussion if I had known the patient better. I feel they would have listened to my ideas and not dismissed them due to me being a student. Everybody communicated well with each other and had the best interests of Kate in mind and so discussions were made until the best outcome was achieved for her. This demonstrates the benefit and importance of communication within a team and how all contributions within meetings should be valued (Perkins & Repper 1998). Evaluation There are many positive aspects of this particular MDT they all worked well together as a team with the same goal in mind. The team discussed all the different options available and all the problems that might arise and looked  to the future to discuss further meetings to assess if the package of care put into place was suitable. I found it very interesting to see a MDT in action and witness the teamwork between different disciplines. With the help and support provided by her son and the MDT Kate will hopefully be able to remain living in her own home, safely for as long as possible. The disappointing aspect of this case is that if Kate is never at home when the CPN, and carers arrive this can have a negative impact on the package of care put in place, and residential care may need to be considered at a later date. Analysis This particular mental health team worked extremely well together, the consultant chaired the meeting and was the leader of the meeting. Onyett (2003) suggests that the presence of a clear team leader is associated with team effectiveness. The NMC (2002) states than nurses should work in a collaborative manner with healthcare professionals and others involved in providing the care for the patient, and recognise and respect their particular contributions within the care team. The case of Kate is evidence of a multidisciplinary team and health professionals working together and breaking down barriers to provide the correct package of care for this individual. Kate’s illness not only affects her but also members of her family who are trying their best to support her, Darby et al (1999) states that theses difficulties can have a profound impact not only on the life of the individual who experiences them, but also on the lives of those around them. The MDT were fully aware of this and so arranged a case meeting with the son so that all the different options could be discussed. Kate wanders off alone unaware of the time of day or night. Whilst someone  with dementia wandering off and getting lost on a cold night is clearly in danger, little can be done to make a person stay indoors against their wishes. Perkins & Repper (1998) discusses the difficult balance between the wishes, demands and rights of the individual to live as they wish and professional codes of conduct which impose upon the health professionals a â€Å"duty of care† to ensure the safety of the individual. Conclusion It can be seen from this MDT meeting that clear leadership and good communication between members of the team is vital to ensure they come together with a clear understanding of the outcomes to be achieved and equally equipped with all the information available to overcome patients’ individual problems. Team working forms the basis of mental health nursing and can influence the success or failure of the care and treatment the patient receives. This effective team has the potential to achieve positive outcomes for both Kate and her son now and in the future if needed. Action plan If I find myself in this type of situation again, I would be more confident in participating in the MDT meeting. I have learnt from this situation that good teamwork and communication between each other is vital to the outcome of the package of care decided. This reflection has highlighted the need to increase my knowledge and understanding of the multidisciplinary team and the importance of the outcomes of these meetings and how they can affect the patients and family’s quality of life, which will help me to think very carefully about the decisions I make concerning patients care in the future. I will address this learning need by working closely with my mentor and other multidisciplinary team members and by reading relevant literature. As a student I am aware that there is a lot more to learn and with more time and experience and with the help of my mentors I will be able to increase my knowledge and understanding of how different disciplines work together. References Burns, S. Bulman, C. Palmer, A. (1997) Reflective Practice in Nursing – The growth of the professional practitioner. London: Blackwell Science. Darby, S. Marr, J. Crump, A Scurfield, M (1999) Older People, Nursing & Mental Health. Oxford: Buterworth-Heinemann. Gibbs, G (1988) Learning by Doing, A guide to teaching and learning methods. Cheltenham: The Geography Discipline Network. (GDN). Newell, R. Gournay, K (2000) Mental Health Nursing – An evidence based approach. London: Churchill Livingstone. Nursing and Midwifery Council (2002) Code of Professional Conduct: London Onyett, S. (2003) Teamworking in Mental Health. Bristol: Palgrave Macmillan. Perkins, R. Repper, J. (1998) Dilemmas in Community Mental Health. Oxon: Radcliff Medical Press Ltd.

Ethnic or Communal Politics in Malaysia Essay

The results for the ethics awareness inventory that I took last week for class revealed that my ethical profile is most related to obligation and least related to equity. Being related mostly to obligation means that my ethical profile is based on a sense of duty to do what is correct or right. Being least related to equity means that my ethical profile is based on absolute standards of right and wrong rather than practical analysis. How this Applies to my Personal and Professional Life In my professional and personal life I personally feel that obligation and a sense of duty to do what is correct or right fits me well. Since I work for a company that deals with national security and background investigations obligation is something that is required. In order to complete a background investigation there are many steps that need to be completed. My job personally is to obtain records on the subject that are required to complete the investigation such as resident, education, employment records and law checks with police departments. In order to complete these records there are certain guidelines that must be met and followed. Therefore, the duty to do what is right and correct is expected. How my Education has Affected my Ethical Thinking. In m y opinion my education has affected my ethical thinking in many different ways some of which I did not even realize. Some of the most important ethics that I have are honesty, time management and respect. Throughout my education at the University of Phoenix there have been many times that these ethics have come up in conversation and I have had the chance to see my classmates points of view on each one. One way that I have used honesty, time management, and respect in my thinking, decision making and potential for conflict is while working in teams throughout my educational experience. It can be very challenging at times depending on others to complete assignments and there is always a potential for conflict when working with other personalities. Therefore honesty with team members about things that are going on to prevent work from being done, time management when completing assignments and respect of others opinions are all ethics I use when working in teams.